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When kids are at risk of severe allergic reactions, all their caregivers should have a written action plan as well as epinephrine auto-injectors readily available, according to new reports from the American Academy of Paediatrics.
The reports include a new "universal" action plan for doctors to give parents, to help ensure they're ready to manage a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis.
Anaphylaxis is a sudden, severe allergic reaction that affects multiple organs in the body. The symptoms include swelling of the throat, lips and tongue; trouble breathing and swallowing; chest tightness; vomiting, and hives or skin rash.
Keep an epinephrine auto-injector close
It's an emergency and needs to be quickly treated with an auto-injection of epinephrine, said Dr Scott Sicherer. He's a professor of paediatrics, allergy and immunology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City.
Sicherer co-authored the new AAP reports. The recommendations were published in the AAP's journal Paediatrics.
One report stresses that epinephrine auto-injectors – not antihistamines – are the "first line" treatment for anaphylaxis.
Write down an action plan
The second report highlights the importance of families having written action plans, and includes a two-page form doctors can give to parents.
"This certainly isn't the first written action plan for anaphylaxis," Sicherer said.
But right now, doctors use various forms that differ somewhat from each other, Sicherer explained. So the AAP devised a "comprehensive" plan that doctors can easily access online.
The bottom line for parents, Sicherer said, is this: If your child is at risk of anaphylaxis, you should have some written plan from your doctor.
Parents will need to talk with their paediatrician or allergist to know whether their child is at risk, according to Sicherer.
But the most common causes of anaphylaxis include allergies to certain foods, such peanuts and shellfish, as well as allergies to insect stings, certain medications or latex.
Look out for allergy symptoms
The AAP action plan provides a list of anaphylaxis symptoms and milder allergy symptoms, and simple instructions on how to respond to each.
If parents think it's anaphylaxis – but aren't 100 percent sure – they should still use their child's auto-injector immediately and call 911.
"Epinephrine is safe and very effective," said Dr J. Andrew Bird, a paediatric allergist at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre and Children's Health in Dallas.
"I'd rather parents err on the side of using it, than not using it," said Bird, who wasn't involved in the AAP reports.
According to Sicherer, parents should give copies of their action plan to all of their child's caregivers – and to their school, camp or other settings where kids might be exposed to their allergy trigger.
Bird noted that many schools have their own written forms they want parents to complete.
What's important, he said, is that everyone is aware of the child's allergy and knows how to recognise and respond to signs of anaphylaxis.
The written plan is not enough on its own, Sicherer stressed.
Know how to prevent allergic reactions
For one, he said, parents have to know how to prevent severe allergic reactions – by minimising their child's exposure to the culprit allergen.
And, Sicherer said, they should be sure they know how to use their child's auto-injector, so they're not scrambling to figure it out in an emergency.
Parents should keep two doses of epinephrine on hand at all times, Bird said.
The best-known brand of auto-injector, EpiPen, costs around $600 (about R7 900) or more for a two-pack.
But, Bird noted, there are other auto-injectors out there.
That includes a new generic version of the Adrenaclick device that CVS Pharmacy prices at $110 (about R1 500) for a two-pack. With the manufacturer's coupons, the price can be cut to $10.
Whatever device parents choose, Bird said, they should be sure they learn the specific instructions for how to use it.
Anaphylaxis is not rare. It's been estimated that at least 1 in 50 Americans – and possibly as many as 1 in 20 – has suffered an anaphylactic reaction, according to Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America.
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