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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is in the news a lot, and now newer research has prompted a leading paediatricians' group to update its guidelines for diagnosing and treating the disorder for the first time since 2011.
Dr Mark Wolraich, lead author of the guidelines, noted that there weren't any dramatic differences between these and previous guidelines. But, he said, these latest updates keep the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines in sync with the same diagnostic and treatment criteria used by child and adolescent psychiatrists.
Managing the symptoms
ADHD "is not a 'new' diagnosis. It's a real diagnosis that needs treatment," said Wolraich.
"There are two forms of treatment effective for ADHD: medications, especially stimulant medications; and behavioural treatments. Neither treatment is curative," he said, but they can help manage the symptoms. Wolraich is an emeritus professor at the University of Oklahoma, in Oklahoma City.
More than 9% of US children between the ages of two and 17 have been diagnosed with ADHD, according to the guideline authors. Boys are more than twice as likely as girls to be diagnosed with the disorder. Kids with ADHD often have symptoms of another mental disorder, such as depression or anxiety, and they may also have learning and language problems.
Updates to the guidelines include:
- Changing the age at which symptoms need to have first started. Previously, symptoms needed to begin before age 7. That's now been raised to age 12.
- In patients older than 17, fewer problem behaviours are needed to make an ADHD diagnosis. Wolraich said as children get older, symptoms can change and behaviours such as hyperactivity usually diminish.
- Emphasising the need to rule out other causes of ADHD-like symptoms and to identify other conditions that may occur with ADHD, such as depression, anxiety, substance use, autism or trauma.
- Highlighting the need for ongoing medical care and coordination within the school and community.
- Recommending parent training in behaviour management as a first-line treatment for preschoolers. Wolraich said behaviour modification is an effective treatment that generally has two phases of treatment. The positive phase rewards a child for appropriate behaviour, and the reward may just be praising, such as, "Johnny, I like the way you're sitting in your chair." The second phase includes consequences, such as "time-out". But, he said, if you don't have the positive side of treatment, time-out isn't as helpful.
While the guidelines didn't specifically recommend behaviour management training for teachers and parents in high school students with ADHD, they noted that studies have found some value in this treatment for older kids.
Additional guidance
Dr Victor Fornari, vice chair of child and adolescent psychiatry at Zucker Hillside Hospital in Glen Oaks, New York, said it's important for paediatricians to be familiar with the up-to-date guidelines, because "as many as 10% of all kids meet the criteria for ADHD, and many children with mild to moderate symptoms can be evaluated and treated by their paediatrician."
Fornari said if treatment doesn't go smoothly, or there are ongoing behaviour problems or other mental health concerns, paediatricians can often collaborate with a child and adolescent psychiatrist to get additional guidance.
Both Wolraich and Fornari said paediatricians play a vital role in ADHD diagnosis and treatment because they already have an established relationship with the child and family.
"People may not fully appreciate that ADHD that's untreated can lead to adverse outcomes. Failing to treat can lead to academic and conduct disturbances, and earlier substance use disorders. Children who are identified earlier and treated are more successful," Fornari said.
The new guidelines were published online in the journal Pediatrics.
Image credit: iStock
