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- The small town of Nambuma in Lilongwe used to be a hive of tobacco farming activity.
- But today, even during harvest season, the town is sleepy, and some farmers are starting to think about switching from tobacco to marijuana.
- More than 70% of Malawi's export income comes from tobacco but declining global demands and anti-smoking campaigns have created a bleak future for the crop.
Under a scorching sun at a trading post in Malawi, Chikumbutso Chekeni and his wife head to their tobacco sheds to dry their newly harvested leaf.
Nambuma, 35 kilometres northwest of the capital Lilongwe, used to be a thriving farming town, buoyed by vast tobacco farming businesses.
Today, even during harvest season the town is sleepy, leading some farmers to think about switching from tobacco to the newly legalised marijuana.
Malawi is one of the world's poorest countries but a major tobacco producer, ranking first in the world for burley and seventh for overall production.
No other economy is more dependent on the leaf. Government statistics say over 70% of the nation's export income comes from tobacco.
"The main challenge we face as farmers is the issue of low pricing, which is really killing us," said Chekeni, who has been farming tobacco for 22 years.
'Bleak' future for Malawi's tobacco industry
Returns from tobacco, dubbed the 'Malawi's Green Gold', have dwindled over the past decade due to declining global demands driven by anti-smoking campaigns.
Despite the low prices, he sees no other option but to continue farming. This is the only business he knows.
This year has particularly been bad. Low volumes and low prices at the auction floors in Lilongwe forced the Tobacco Commission to cut trade to three days a week.
Even on those three days, sales last only an hour.
"The future of tobacco farming is bleak," said grower Yona Mkandawire. "By now we should have a lot of tobacco in the warehouses and more trucks at the receiving bay, but there is a lot of empty space here."
Despite a sharp decline of tobacco earnings over the years, Malawi's government still calls it a "strategic crop" and defends the country's continuing investment in its production.
Last year tobacco earned Malawi US$173.5 million (~R2.7 billion), down 27% from the year before, the Tobacco Commission said.
'Malawi Gold'
Tobacco Commission chief executive officer Joseph Chidanti Malunga told AFP that this year's harvest will be 50 million kilogrammes short of what the buyers are looking for.
But he insisted Malawi needs tobacco because it's the only crop earning foreign currency.
"We cannot abandon this no matter how," he said. "All we do now is to make sure that we produce tobacco that is compliant with what the customers want."
During the first week of sales, prices were down more than 20% from last year, according to local media.
The price drop has seen some farmers try out new crops, including the recently legalised cannabis.
Malawi legalised cannabis farming for medicinal and industrial use in February 2020.
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Falice Nkhoma, who is part of the Tilitonse Cooperative for Cannabis Growers, has dumped tobacco because of falling prices.
"I have been growing burley tobacco from 2014... but with very little benefit because the prices were always low," said Nkhoma. She has little to show for producing the so-called green gold.
"So this year, when I heard that some people would be growing cannabis, I was really excited. I have bought the seeds, and hopefully cannabis farming will bring me good returns," she said.
It's about time Malawi diversified its economy, said Betchani Tchereni, economics professor at the Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences.
"We just have to restart the economy. If it's soya, then let's do soya. If it's cannabis, then let's concentrate on cannabis," he said.
But cultivation licences could be prohibitive for some aspiring farmers.
Growers, who operate in groups of around 30, have on average to cough out US$10 000 (~R158 000) per collective in farming licence fees alone.
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Easing the process of obtaining cannabis licences would give farmers an immediate boost.
"It takes just about three months to mature, and then boom, we have the forex," said Tchereni.
"Licences can't be this expensive."
Cannabis growing is not new in Malawi, but has yet to develop to industrial scale.
According to a 2011 World Bank report, Malawi's hemp, known locally as 'chamba' or 'Malawi Gold' is among "the best and finest" sativas in the world.
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